Factors Encouraging and Discouraging Attendance at Farmers’ Markets: An Application of The Kano Model

Prof T. Dobbelstein, Dr K.M. Corbishley and Prof R.B. Mason

Vol 17 | Issue 1 pp. 56-78

Abstract

Farmers’ markets have become fashionable places for shopping, entertainment, and socialising, and in many cases are no longer sources of cheaper or more convenient shopping. With the growth of the craft and the organic food movements, such products are often marketed through farmers’ markets. Entertainment (e.g., music) is also often provided. Such shopping locations often charge premium prices. Why farmers’ markets have become so popular may be due to a variety of reasons such as shopping, entertainment, and socialising. Furthermore, a variety of different factors may cause customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction. This research is trying to identify what attracts customers to farmers’ markets and what creates satisfaction for the customer. A quantitative, descriptive, cross sectional study was used, based on a sample of 1141 respondents from an e-mailed survey to an online-accessed panel of consumers provided by a commercial panel provider. It is also a comparative study between a developed nation (Germany) and a developing nation (South Africa). The research culminated in a Kano model for farmers’ markets in each of the countries. There was considerable similarity in the ‘delight’ and ‘performance’ factors in the two countries, but only South Africa has ‘basic’ factors (two), while Germany had none. The study has thus contributed to knowledge about consumer behaviour and attitudes towards farmers’ markets and has added to the literature on the use of the Kano model, especially in South Africa.

Keywords: retailing; Kano model; farmers’ market; consumer behaviour; purchase behaviour

Back to Volume 17 issue 1


This article may be downloaded from the following locations:

 

 


References

Babin, B.J. & Harris, E.G. 2013. CB. Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning.

Bavorova, M., Unay Gailhard, I. & Lehberger, M. 2016. ‘Who buys from farmers’ markets and farm shops: the case of Germany’, International Journal of Consumer Studies, 40(1): 107-114. Available online at: DOI: 10.1111/ijcs.12220

Bavorova, M., Traikova, D. & Doms, J. 2018. ‘Who are the farm shop buyers? A case study in Naumburg’, Germany. British Food Journal, 120(2): 255-268.

Bless, C., Higson-Smith, C. & Sithole, S.L. 2013. Fundamentals of Social Research Methods: An African Perspective. 5th ed. Cape Town: Juta.

Brandt, R.D. 1988. ‘How service marketers can identify value-enhancing service element’, Journal of Services Marketing, 2(3): 35–41.

Byker, C., Shanks, J., Misyak, S. & Serrano, E. 2012. ‘Characterizing Farmers’ Market Shoppers: A Literature Review’, Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 7(1): 38-52. Available online at: DOI: 10.1080/19320248.2012.650074

Chen, Li-Fei. 2012. ‘A novel approach to regression analysis for the classification of quality attributes in the Kano model: an empirical test in the food and beverage industry’, Omega, 40(5): 651-659.

Chronison, M. 2012. Dissecting the LSM 7-10 market, 18 December, Available from: https://themediaonline.co.za/2012/12/dissectingthe-lsm-7-10-market/ (Accessed 6 June 2019).

Cicatiello, C. 2020. ‘Alternative food shoppers and the “quantity dilemma”: a study on the determinants of their purchases at alternative markets’, Agricultural and Food Economics, 8: 15. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-020-00160-6

Colasanti, K.J.A., Conner, D.S. & Smalley, S.B. 2010. ‘Understanding Barriers to Farmers’ Market Patronage in Michigan: Perspectives from Marginalized Populations’, Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 5(3): 316-338, DOI:10.1080/19320248.2010.504097

Dash, S.K. 2017. ‘An Analysis of Customer Needs and Satisfaction: Application of Kano Model’, The IUP Journal of Business Strategy, XIV(3): 58-67

Destatis. 2019. Laufende Wirtschaftsrechnung, Available from: https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/ Einkommen-Konsum-Lebensbedingungen/Konsumausgaben-Lebenshaltungskosten/Tabellen/privater-konsum-d-lwr. html;jsessionid=7DCB821D697983B2180FF4238FCB0078.internet742 (Accessed 2 April 2019).

de Villiers, M.V., Visnenza, A. & Phiri, N. 2018. ‘Importance of location and product assortment on flea market loyalty’, The Service Industries Journal. 38(11-12): 650-668.

Dobbelstein, T. & Windbacher, D. 2007. Mystery Shopping – Ziele, Prozess und Qualität eines Verfahrens zum Controlling der Dienstleistungsqualität, in: Schuckel, M. & Toporowski, W. (Hrsg.): Theoretische Fundierung und praktische Relevanz der Handelsforschung, Wiesbaden. 103–122.

Docrat, S.H. 2007. An investigation of shopping centres as situational influences on consumer behaviour in the greater Durban area. Unpublished M.Com: Management dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.

Dodds, R., Holmes, M., Arunsopha, V., Chin, N., Le, T., Maung, S. & Shum, M., 2014. ‘Consumer Choice and Farmers’ Markets’, Journal of Agricultural Environment Ethics, 27: 397–416. Available online at: DOI 10.1007/s10806-013-9469-4

Emery, C.R. & Tian. R.G. 2002. ‘Schoolwork as products, professors as customers: a practical teaching approach in business education’, Journal of Education for Business, 78(2): 97–102).

Figueroa-Rodriguez, K.A., Álvarez-Ávila, M.C., Castillo, F.H., Rindermann, R.S. & Figueroa-Sandoval, B. 2019. ‘Farmers’ Market Actors, Dynamics, and Attributes: A Bibliometric Study’, Sustainability, 11(3): 745

Garner, B. 2019. ‘Sustainability marketing at the farmers’ market: An ethnographic analysis of ambiguous communication’, International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43: 14-22. Available online at: DOI: 10.1111/ijcs.12479.

George, K. 2010. Benefits and Concerns of Panels. RMS Research & Marketing Strategies Inc. Available from: https://rmsresults. com/2010/09/29/benefits-and-concerns-of-panels-market-research-agency-in-syracuse-ny/ (Accessed 1 March 2021).

Gilli, M. & Ferrari, S. 2018. ‘Tourism in multi-ethnic districts: The case of Porta Palazzo market in Torino’, Leisure Studies, 37(2): 146-157. Available online at:  DOI: 10.1080/02614367.2017.1349828

González, S. 2019. ‘Contested marketplaces: Retail spaces at the global urban margins’, Progress in Human Geography. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132519859444 (Accessed 22 February 2020).

González, S. & Dawson, G. 2018. Resisting gentrification in traditional public markets: Lessons from London. In González, S (Ed.): Contested Markets Contested Cities. Gentrification and urban justice in retail spaces, London: Routledge, pp. 54 – 71.

Hair, J.F. Jr., Babin, B., Money, A.H. & Smouel, P. 2003. Essentials of Business Research Methods. Hoboken NJ: Wiley.

Hall, C.M., Mitchell, R., Scott, D. & Sharples, L. 2008. The authentic market experience of farmers’ markets, in Hall, C. M., Sharples, L. (2008) Food and Wine Festivals and Events Around the World Development, Management and Markets, Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann, 198-230.

Hazlan, H.A.M., Ismail, H.N. & Jaafar, S.M.R.S. 2019. ‘Flea market tourism: A review of motivation and characteristics of specialised tourist segmentation’, International Journal of Built Environment & Sustainability, 6(1-2): 55–61. Available online at: DOI: 10.11113/ ijbes. v6.n1-2.383

Irz, X., Leroy, P., Réquillart, V. & Solerb, L. 2015. Farmers’ markets and Farm Shops in Germany: Is the motivation to buy there the same? EAAE-AAEA Joint Seminar’ Consumer Behaviour in a Changing World: Food Culture and Society, March 25 to 27. Naples Italy.

Kano, N., Seraku, N., Takahashi, F. & Tsuji, S. 1984. ‘Attractive quality and must-be quality’, Hinshitsu, The Journal of the Japanese Society for Quality Control, 14: 39–48.

KANTAR TNS. 2019. The Establishment Survey, March release, The Broadcast Research Council of South Africa, Available from: https://secureservercdn.net/160.153.136.1/695.618.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ES_Mar19-release_26032019-v4. pdf (Accessed 9 July 2019).

Kim, T. & Yoo, T. 2020. ‘Methodology for extracting the delighter in Kano Model using big data analysis’, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 31(5-6): 654-665.

Langschmidt, P. 2017. ‘New SEM socio-economic segmentation tool explained’, Strategic Marketing, 2: 30-34. Available from: https://www.prc.za.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/New-SEM-socio-economic-segmentation-tool-explained.pdf (Accessed 6 July 2019).

Lee, D. & Pearce, P. 2019. ‘Shining a light on Asian night markets: vendors’ and visitors’ views’, International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(2): 467-484. Available online at: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-02-2019-0027

Lin, F-H., Tsai, S-B., Lee, Y-C., Hsiao, C-F., Zhou, J., Wang, J. & Shang, Z. 2017. ‘Empirical research on Kano’s model and customer satisfaction’, PLoS ONE, 12(9): e0183888.

Living Standards Measure. 2017. South African Audience Research Foundation, Available from: http://www.saarf.co.za/lsm/lsms. asp (Accessed 6 June 2019).

Makhitha, K.M. 2016. ‘Marketing Strategies of Small Craft Producers in South Africa: Practices and Challenges’, The Journal of Applied Business Research, 32(3): 663-680.

Mason, R.B. 2004. An investigation into how marketers cope with an environment of high complexity and turbulence, with special reference to the South African environment. Unpublished PHD (Management) thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, Available from: http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:752?site_name=GlobalView (Accessed 6 June 2019)

Mikulic´, J. & Prebežac, D. 2011. ‘A critical review of techniques for classifying quality attributes in the Kano model’, Managing Service Quality, 21(1): 46-66. DOI 10.1108/09604521111100243

Muller, G. 2017. ‘Demystifying SEM with me and Bobby McGee’, The Media Online, May 09. Available from: https://themediaonline. co.za/2017/05/sem-me-and-bobby-mcgee/ (Accessed 6 July 2019).

Murphy, A.J. 2011. ‘Farmers’ markets as retail spaces’, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 39(8): 582-597.

Nabi, M.K. & Kashif, M. ‘Shoppers’ Perception towards Flea Markets: A Study of the Weekly Flea Market of Old Delhi’, Journal of Marketing Vistas, 6(2): 1-7. Available online at: https://www.ipeindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Vol.6-No.2-JulyDecember2016.pdf (Accessed 22 February 2020).

Oñederra-Aramendi, A., Begiristain-Zubillaga, M. & Malagón-Zaldua, E. 2018. ‘Who is feeding embeddedness in farmers’ markets? A cluster study of farmers’ markets in Gipuzkoa’, Journal of Rural Studies, 61: 22-33. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jrurstud.2018.05.008 .

Oths, K.S., Manzella, F.J., Sheldon, B. & Groves, K.M. 2016. ‘Who Will Be Served? Farmers Market Variability and the Expectations of Young Adults’, Human Organization, 75(4): 346-357.

Pascucci, S., Cicatiello, C., Francoc, S., Pancinod, B. & Marinoe, D. 2011. ‘Back to the Future? Understanding Change in Food Habits of Farmers’ Market Customers’, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 14(4): 105-126. Available online at: https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/414639 (Accessed 16 April 2020).

Petrescu, M. & Bhatli, D. 2013. ‘Consumer Behavior in Flea Markets and Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid’, Journal of Management Research, 13(1): 55-63. Available online at: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1346877698/fulltext/ A6C72BC813D24ABFPQ/1?accountid=10612 (16 April 2020).

Qendro, A-E. 2015. ‘Albanian and UK Consumers’ Perceptions of Farmers’ Markets and Supermarkets as Outlets for Organic Food: An Exploratory Study’, Sustainability, 7: 6626-6651. Available online at: doi:10.3390/su7066626

Reid, B 2018. Getting to know the ES SEMs 8-10 (Part 1). 22 February. https://themediaonline.co.za/2018/02/getting-to-know-thees-sems-8-10-part-1/ (Accessed 6 July 2019).

Renko, S. & Petljak, K. 2017. ‘The secrets of the longevity of informal retail markets in Croatia’, British Food Journal, 120(2): 325-339

Roininen, K., Arvola, A. & Lähteenmäki, L. 2006. ‘Exploring consumers’ perceptions of local food with two different qualitative techniques: Laddering and word association’, Food Quality and Preference, 17(1): 20-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2005.04.012

Rotar, L.J. & Kozar, M. 2017. ‘The Use of the Kano Model to Enhance Customer Satisfaction’, Organizacija, 50(4): 339-351.

Schuckel, M. & Dobbelstein, T. 1998. Die Kategorisierung von Kundenanforderungen mit Hilfe der PRC-Analyse – dargestellt am Beispiel einer Studie zum Gebrauchtwagenmarkt, in: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Handelsforschung an der Universität zu Köln, 50(5): 89–102.

Schuckel, M. & Dobbelstein, T. 2001. Ausgewählte Methoden zur Kategorisierung von Kundenanforderungen auf der Basis der Penalty-Reward-Contrast-Analyse. In: Müller-Hagedorn, Lothar (Hrsg.). Kundenbindung im Handel, Frankfurt am Main 1999, S. 135 – 164, aktualisiert in: Müller-Hagedorn, Lothar (Hrsg.): Kundenbindung im Handel, 2. Aufl., Frankfurt am Main 2001, 147-176.

Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. 2013. Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 6th ed. Chichester: Wiley.

Sharma, R. & Gautam, A. 2017. ‘Redefining Retail Store Formats – A South African Study’, Applied Finance and Accounting, 3(2): 61-69.

StatsSA. 2020. People indicators, Available from:  http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=593 (Accessed 2 Nov. 2020).

Tam, J.L.F., Adrego, M.C. & Baptista, P.N.deV.M. 2019. Municipal Markets of Lisbon: A Strategic Group Analysis. Unpublished Master in Management dissertation, NOVA School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.

Tey, Y.S., Arsil, P., Brindal, M., Teoh, C.T. & Lim, H.W. 2017. ‘Motivations Underlying Consumers’ Preference for Farmers’ Markets in Klang Valley: A Means-End Chain Approach’, Sustainability, 9: 1958. Available online at: doi:10.3390/su9111958

The Culture Trip 2020. Available from: https://theculturetrip.com/africa/south-africa/articles/the-best-farmers-markets-in-southafrica/ (Accessed 16 Apr 2020)

The World Bank Group. 2019. GINI index (World Bank estimate), World Bank, Development Research Group, Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CO (Accessed 9 July 2019).

Vavra, T.G. 1997. Improving your measurement of customer satisfaction: a guide to creating, conducting, analyzing and reporting customer satisfaction measurement program. Milwaukee, WI: ASQC Quality Press.

Vermaak, J. 2017. ‘Social development and informal markets: lessons from Thohoyandou market, South Africa’, Development in Practice, 27(1): 53-63, DOI: 10.1080/09614524.2017.1258038

Watt, K. & Dubbeld, B. 2016. ‘Enchanting the worn-out: the craft of selling second-hand things at Milnerton Market, Cape Town’, Social Dynamics, 42:1, 143-160, DOI: 10.1080/02533952.2016.1145948

WLP. 2015. Customer Needs Don’t Stand Still for Anyone – Kano Model. Anglia Business Growth Consultants Limited, Available from: https://w-l-p.co.uk/customer-needs-kano-model/ (Accessed 2 Nov. 2020).

Back to Volume 17 issue 1